中华人民共和国劳动合同法硬伤大全
李迎春
《中华人民共和国劳动合同法》在历经四次审议后于2007年6月29日正式颁布，且于2008年1月1日正式施行，法条洋洋洒洒共计九十八条，对劳动者权益进行了了全方位的保护，但是，由于立法时的疏忽或失误，导致了这部法律出现多处“硬伤”，对法律的实施也造成了一定的影响。笔者长期致力于对劳动法律的研究，现将劳动合同法条款所涉的“硬伤”列举出来，供大家研究和讨论，以求共同完善这部法律。
硬伤一、签订以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同可一定程度上规避无固定期限劳动合同
劳动合同法第12条规定：劳动合同分为固定期限劳动合同、无固定期限劳动合同和以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同。以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同，是指用人单位与劳动者约定以某项工作的完成为合同期限的劳动合同。用人单位与劳动者协商一致，可以订立以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同。
劳动合同法第14条规定了三种情况下劳动者提出或者同意续订、订立劳动合同的，除劳动者提出订立固定期限劳动合同外，应当订立无固定期限劳动合同：即（一）劳动者在该用人单位连续工作满十年的；（二）用人单位初次实行劳动合同制度或者国有企业改制重新订立劳动合同时，劳动者在该用人单位连续工作满十年且距法定退休年龄不足十年的；（三）连续订立二次固定期限劳动合同，且劳动者没有本法第三十九条和第四十条第一项、第二项规定的情形，续订劳动合同的。该条未对“以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同”作出任何规定，且规定连续订立二次“固定期限劳动合同”，第三次才订立无固定期限劳动合同，由此可得出结论，连续签订两次“以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同”或一次固定期限劳动合同、一次无固定期限劳动合同交错签订，无需担心”两次“后订立无固定期限劳动合同。
硬伤二、签订以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同可规避合同期满终止的经济补偿
劳动合同法第46条规定：有下列情形之一的，用人单位应当向劳动者支付经济补偿：（一）劳动者依照本法第三十八条规定解除劳动合同的；（二）用人单位依照本法第三十六条规定向劳动者提出解除劳动合同并与劳动者协商一致解除劳动合同的；（三）用人单位依照本法第四十条规定解除劳动合同的；（四）用人单位依照本法第四十一条第一款规定解除劳动合同的；（五）除用人单位维持或者提高劳动合同约定条件续订劳动合同，劳动者不同意续订的情形外，依照本法第四十四条第一项规定终止固定期限劳动合同的；（六）依照本法第四十四条第四项、第五项规定终止劳动合同的；（七）法律、行政法规规定的其他情形。其中第（五）明确了劳动合同终止需支付经济补偿仅适用于固定期限劳动合同，排除了以完成一定工作任务为期限的劳动合同的适用。因此，根据劳动合同法的规定，无固定期限劳动合同终止无需支付经济补偿。
硬伤三、劳动合同必备条款“法律、法规规定应当纳入劳动合同的其他事项”漏洞
劳动法第十九条规定，劳动合同应当以书面形式订立，并具备以下条款：（一）劳动合同期限；（二）工作内容；（三）劳动保护和劳动条件；（四）劳动报酬；（五）劳动纪律；（六）劳动合同终止的条件；（七）违反劳动合同的责任。可见，“劳动纪律”、“劳动合同终止的条件”和“违反劳动合同的责任”是劳动法中所规定的劳动合同必备条款，劳动合同法规定的劳动合同必备条款已经没有该三项条款，但是劳动合同法第十七条又规定了劳动合同必备条款包括“法律、法规规定应当纳入劳动合同的其他事项”，由于劳动法是法律，且仍继续有效，劳动法规定的“劳动纪律”、“劳动合同终止的条件”和“违反劳动合同的责任”根据劳动法之规定属于法律规定应当纳入劳动合同的事项，因此，从这个入口进去，“劳动纪律”、“劳动合同终止的条件”和“违反劳动合同的责任”又可能出现在《劳动合同法》规定的劳动合同必备条款里面。
硬伤四、试用期工资标准模棱两可
劳动合同法第二十条规定，劳动者在试用期的工资不得低于本单位相同岗位最低档工资或者劳动合同约定工资的百分之八十，并不得低于用人单位所在地的最低工资标准。本条是典型的用词不严谨的表现，根据“或者”的汉语意思，该条可以得出两种理解，第一种理解：劳动者在试用期的工资不得低于本单位相同岗位最低档工资，不得低于劳动合同约定工资的百分之八十，并不得低于用人单位所在地的最低工资标准；第二种理解：劳动者在试用期的工资不得低于本单位相同岗位最低档工资的百分之八十，不得低于劳动合同约定工资的百分之八十，并不得低于用人单位所在地的最低工资标准。从条款规定看，两种理解都没有错，但是，一个法条不可能有两种理解，否则无法操作。这其实也是劳动合同法的一个法律漏洞。
硬伤五、试用期内用人单位解除劳动合同的离奇规定
劳动合同法第二十一条规定，在试用期中，除劳动者有本法第三十九条和第四十条第一项、第二项规定的情形外，用人单位不得解除劳动合同。而《劳动合同法》规定用人单位可根据第三十六条、三十九条、四十条、四十一条之规定解除劳动合同，也就是说，《劳动合同法》第二十一条关于用人单位解除试用期劳动合同排除了用人单位根据三十六条、第四十条第三项、第四十一条的适用，这显然是不合常理的。我们都知道，试用期包含在劳动合同期内，试用期也是劳动合同期限的一部分，劳动合同法规定双方协商一致可解除劳动合同，劳动合同订立时所依据的客观情况发生重大变化，致使劳动合同无法履行，经用人单位与劳动者协商，未能就变更劳动合同内容达成协议的，用人单位可解除劳动合同，在符合法定裁员条件及程序下，用人单位依据法律规定可裁减人员。这里的客观情况发生重大变化不可避免的会正好遇到劳动者正处于试用期的情形，裁减人员时也不可避免的会遇到劳动者正好处于试用期的情形，既然法律规定这些情形下用人单位可以解除合同，在试用期内理应也可解除。如果非要把这些用人单位可解除劳动合同的时段理解为试用期后的“正式合同期”，那么，既然“正式期”用人单位可解除劳动合同，而双方仍处于互相考察阶段的“试用期”却不能依据该项解除劳动合同，似乎是不可理解的，显得本末倒置。
硬伤六、劳动合同期满，劳动合同应当续延至相应的情形消失时终止的“无法消失”问题
劳动合同法第四十五条规定，劳动合同期满，有本法第四十二条规定情形之一的，劳动合同应当续延至相应的情形消失时终止。但是，本法第四十二条第二项规定丧失或者部分丧失劳动能力劳动者的劳动合同的终止，按照国家有关工伤保险的规定执行。根据第四十二条之规定，有以下几种情形：第四十二条 劳动者有下列情形之一的，用人单位不得依照本法第四十条、第四十一条的规定解除劳动合同：（一）从事接触职业病危害作业的劳动者未进行离岗前职业健康检查，或者疑似职业病病人在诊断或者医学观察期间的；（二）在本单位患职业病或者因工负伤并被确认丧失或者部分丧失劳动能力的；（三）患病或者非因工负伤，在规定的医疗期内的；（四）女职工在孕期、产期、哺乳期的；（五）在本单位连续工作满十五年，且距法定退休年龄不足五年的；（六）法律、行政法规规定的其他情形。本条第一、三、四项相应情形消失是可以理解的，即完成了离岗前职业健康检查、医学观察期间完成、医疗期满、哺乳期满，但第五项“在本单位连续工作满十五年，且距法定退休年龄不足五年的”情形如何续延至其消失？似乎是消失不了。
硬伤七、被派遣劳动者不能提前30天通知劳务派遣单位解除劳动合同
劳动合同法第六十五条规定，被派遣劳动者可以依照本法第三十六条、第三十八条的规定与劳务派遣单位解除劳动合同。第三十六条是指用人单位与劳动者协商一致，可以解除劳动合同。第三十八条是指用人单位有下列情形之一的，劳动者可以解除劳动合同：（一）未按照劳动合同约定提供劳动保护或者劳动条件的；（二）未及时足额支付劳动报酬的；（三）未依法为劳动者缴纳社会保险费的；（四）用人单位的规章制度违反法律、法规的规定，损害劳动者权益的；（五）因本法第二十六条第一款规定的情形致使劳动合同无效的；（六）法律、行政法规规定劳动者可以解除劳动合同的其他情形。我们都知道，劳动合同法第三十七条是实践中劳动者解除劳动合同的主要依据之一，即：劳动者提前三十日以书面形式通知用人单位，可以解除劳动合同。劳动者在试用期内提前三日通知用人单位，可以解除劳动合同。根据劳动合同法第六十五条规定，被派遣劳动者显然不能依据第三十七条之规定解除劳动合同，这实际上剥夺了被派遣劳动者的一个最重要的合同解除权。
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OF THE ENTRY AND EXIT OF ALIENS ——附加英文版
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OF THE ENTRY AND EXIT OF ALIENS
(Adopted at the 13th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 31 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on November 22, 1985, and
effective as of February 1, 1986)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Entry into the Country
Chapter III Residence
Chapter IV Travel
Chapter V Exit from the Country
Chapter VI Administrative Organs
Chapter VII Penalties
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to safeguarding the sovereignty of the
People's Republic of China, maintaining its security and public order and
facilitating international exchange.
This Law is applicable to aliens entering, leaving and transiting the
territory of the People's Republic of China and to those residing and
travelling in China.
Article 2
Aliens must obtain the permission of the competent authorities of the
Chinese Government in order to enter, transit or reside in China.
Article 3
For entry, exit and transit, aliens must pass through ports open to aliens
or other designated ports and must be subject to inspection by the
frontier inspection offices. For entry, exit and transit, foreign-owned
means of transport must pass through ports open to aliens or other
designated ports and must be subject to inspection and supervision by the
frontier inspection offices.
Article 4
The Chinese Government shall protect the lawful rights and interests of
aliens on Chinese territory.
Freedom of the person of aliens is inviolable. No alien may be arrested
except with the approval or by decision of a people's procuratorate or by
decision of a people's court, and arrest must be made by a public security
organ or state security organ.
Article 5
Aliens in China must abide by Chinese laws and may not endanger the state
security of China, harm public interests or disrupt public order.
Chapter II Entry into the Country
Article 6
For entry into China, aliens shall apply for visas from Chinese diplomatic
missions, consular offices or other resident agencies abroad authorized by
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In specific situations aliens may, in
compliance with the provisions of the State Council, apply for visas to
visa-granting offices at ports designated by the competent authorities of
the Chinese Government.
The entry of nationals from countries having visa agreements with the
Chinese Government shall be handled in accordance with those agreements.
In cases where another country has special provisions for Chinese citizens
entering and transiting that country, the competent authorities of the
Chinese Government may adopt reciprocal measures contingent on the
circumstances.
Visas are not required for aliens in immediate transit on connected
international flights who hold passenger tickets and stay for no more than
24 hours in China entirely within airport boundaries. Anyone desiring to
leave the airport temporarily must obtain permission from the frontier
inspection office.
Article 7
When applying for various kinds of visas, aliens shall present valid
passports and, if necessary, provide pertinent evidence.
Article 8
Aliens who have been invited or hired to work in China shall, when
applying for visas, produce evidence of the invitation or employment.
Article 9
Aliens desiring to reside permanently in China shall, when applying for
visas, present status-of-residence identification forms. Applicants may
obtain such forms from public security organs at the place where they
intend to reside.
Article 10
The competent authorities of the Chinese Government shall issue
appropriate visas to aliens according to the purposes stated in their
entry applications.
Article 11
When an aircraft or a vessel navigating international routes arrives at a
Chinese port, the captain or his agent must submit a passenger name list
to the frontier inspection office; a foreign aircraft or vessel must also
provide a name list of its crew members.
Article 12
Aliens who are considered a possible threat to China's state security and
public order shall not be permitted to enter China.
Chapter III Residence
Article 13
For residence in China, aliens must possess identification papers or
residence certificates issued by the competent authorizes of the Chinese
Government. The term of validity of identification papers or residence
certificates shall be determined according to the purposes of entry.
Aliens residing in China shall submit their certificates to the local
public security organs for examination within the prescribed period of
time.
Article 14
Aliens who, in compliance with Chinese laws, find it necessary to
establish prolonged residence in China for the purpose of investing in
China or engaging in cooperative projects with Chinese enterprises or
institutions in the economic, scientific, technological and cultural
fields, or for other purposes, are eligible for prolonged or permanent
residence in China upon approval by the competent authorities of the
Chinese Government.
Article 15
Aliens who seek asylum for political reasons shall be permitted to reside
in China upon approval by the competent authorities of the Chinese
Government.
Article 16
Aliens who fail to abide by Chinese laws may have their period of stay in
China curtailed or their status of residence in China annulled by the
competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Article 17
For a temporary overnight stay in China, aliens shall complete
registration procedures pursuant to the relevant provisions.
Article 18
Aliens holding residence certificates who wish to change their place of
residence in China must complete removal formalities pursuant to the
relevant provisions.
Article 19
Aliens who have not acquired residence certificates or who are on a study
programme in China may not seek employment in China without permission of
the competent authorities of the Chinese Government.
Chapter IV Travel
Article 20
Aliens who hold valid visas or residence certificates may travel to places
open to aliens as designated by the Chinese Government.
Article 21
Aliens desiring to travel to places closed to aliens must apply to local
public security organs for travel permits.
Chapter V Exit from the Country
Article 22
For exit from China, aliens shall present their valid passports or other
valid certificates.
Article 23
Aliens belonging to any of the following categories shall not be allowed
to leave China:
(1) defendants in criminal cases or criminal suspects confirmed by a
public security organ, a people's procuratorate or a people's court;
(2) persons who, as notified by a people's court, shall be denied exit
owing to involvement in unresolved civil cases; and
(3) persons who have committed other acts in violation of Chinese law who
have not been dealt with and against whom the competent authorities
consider it necessary to institute prosecution.
Article 24
Frontier inspection offices shall have the power to stop aliens belonging
to any of the following categories from leaving the country and to deal
with them according to law:
(1) holders of invalid exit certificates;
(2) holders of exit certificates other than their own; and
(3) holders of forged or altered exit certificates.
Chapter VI Administrative Organs
Article 25
China's diplomatic missions, consular offices and other resident agencies
abroad authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall be the Chinese
Government's agencies abroad to handle aliens' applications for entry and
transit.
The Ministry of Public Security, its authorized local public security
organs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its authorized local foreign
affairs departments shall be the Chinese Government's agencies in China to
handle aliens' applications for entry, transit, residence and travel.
Article 26
The authorities handling aliens' applications for entry, transit,
residence and travel shall have the power to refuse to issue visas and
certificates or to cancel visas and certificates already issued or declare
them invalid.
The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs may,
when necessary, alter decisions made by their respectively authorized
agencies.
Article 27
An alien who enters or resides in China illegally may be detained for
examination or be subjected to residential surveillance or deportation by
a public security organ at or above the county level.
Article 28
While performing their duties, foreign affairs police of the public
security organs at or above the county level shall have the power to
examine the passports and other certificates of aliens. When conducting
such examinations, the foreign affairs police shall produce their own
service certificates, and relevant organizations or individuals shall have
the duty to offer them assistance.
Chapter VII Penalties
Article 29
If a person, in violation of the provisions of this Law, enters or leaves
China illegally, establishes illegal residence or makes an illegal
stopover in China, travels to places closed to aliens without a valid
travel document, forges or alters an entry or exit certificate, uses
another person's certificate as his own or transfers his certificate, he
may be penalized by a public security organ at or above the county level
with a warning, a fine or detention for not more than ten days. If the
circumstances of the case are serious enough to constitute a crime,
criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the law.
If an alien subject to a fine or detention by a public security organ
refuses to accept the penalty, he may, within 15 days of receiving
notification, appeal to the public security organ at the next higher
level, which shall make the final decision; he may also directly file suit
in the local people's court.
Article 30
In cases where a person commits any of the acts stated in Article 29 of
this Law, if the circumstances are serious, the Ministry of Public
Security may impose a penalty by ordering him to leave the country within
a certain time or may expel him from the country.
Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 31
For the purposes of this Law the term "alien" means any person not holding
Chinese nationality according to the Nationality Law of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 32
Transistory entry into and exit from China by aliens who are nationals of
a country adjacent to China and who reside in areas bordering on China
shall be handled according to any relevant agreements between the two
countries or, in the absence of such agreements, according to the relevant
provisions of the Chinese Government.
Article 33
The Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall,
pursuant to this Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which shall
go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
Article 34
Affairs concerning members of foreign diplomatic missions and consular
offices in the People's Republic of China and other aliens who enjoy
diplomatic privileges and immunities, after their entry into China, shall
be administered in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State
Council and its competent departments.
Article 35
This Law shall go into effect on February 1, 1986.
Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
